What is the most common limitation to plant growth in urban areas?

In urban areas, soil compaction is often the most significant limitation to plant growth. This compaction typically occurs due to heavy machinery, construction activities, and high foot traffic, which compress the soil particles together, reducing pore space and air circulation. As a result, roots struggle to penetrate the dense soil, which limits their access to water and nutrients necessary for healthy plant growth.

The compacted soil also reduces root development, which can lead to poor plant establishment. Additionally, water may have difficulty draining through compacted soil, leading to waterlogged conditions that can harm plant roots. Overall, compaction presents a multi-faceted challenge for urban plants, often affecting their overall health and vigor more profoundly than factors like water availability, pest infestations, or nutrient deficiencies in many urban landscapes.